On March 11, 2021, President Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA). The $1.9 trillion law is intended to provide far-reaching relief from the economic and other repercussions of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to funding for testing, contact tracing, vaccinations, education, and state and local governments, the ARPA includes extensive relief that could directly impact your finances.

Recovery Rebates
Under the ARPA, many people have and continue to receive a third round of direct payments (which the law calls recovery rebates). It provides for direct payments of $1,400 — plus $1,400 per dependent — for single tax filers with adjusted gross income (AGI) up to $75,000 per year, heads of households with AGI up to $112,500, and married couples with AGI up to $150,000. The rebates phase out when AGI exceeds $80,000, $120,000, and $160,000, respectively. Dependents include adult dependents, such as college students and qualifying family members.

The payments are based on your 2019 or 2020 income, depending on whether you have filed your 2020 tax return. If you have not filed and expect your 2020 AGI to be at or near the applicable phaseout threshold, you might want to consider the timing of your 2020 filing.

Payments will be reconciled on your 2021 tax return. If you qualify for a rebate based on your 2020 income but did not receive a check because the government based your eligibility on your 2019 tax return, you can claim a credit on your 2021 return. But, if you receive a payment based on your 2019 AGI even though you do not actually qualify based on your 2020 AGI, you will not be required to return it.

Unemployment Benefits
The ARPA extends the extra $300 per week in unemployment benefits, over and above state unemployment benefits, through September 6, 2021. It also increases the maximum period of benefits from 50 weeks to 79 weeks.

In addition, the law spares unemployment beneficiaries an unwelcome surprise tax bill by making the first $10,200 in unemployment benefits received in 2020 nontaxable for households with incomes less than $150,000. If you qualify for this tax break and have already filed your 2020 returns, you will want to await IRS guidance as to how to proceed. The IRS is reviewing the possibility that they will be able to make the adjustments automatically.

Child Tax Credits
The new law temporarily expands the $2,000 Child Tax Credit (CTC) significantly. For 2021 only, eligible taxpayers will receive a $3,000 credit for each child ages six to 17 and a $3,600 credit for each child under age six.

The $2,000 credit is subject to a phaseout when income exceeds $400,000 for joint filers and $200,000 for other filers. The ARPA continues this treatment for the first $2,000 of the credit in 2021, but it applies a separate phaseout for the increased amount — $75,000 for single filers, $112,500 for heads of household, and $150,000 for joint filers. So, in other words, for 2021, the credit is subject to two sets of phaseout rules.

The ARPA directs the U.S. Treasury Department to create a program to make monthly advance payments for the increased CTC beginning in July, based on taxpayers’ most recently filed tax returns. That means eligible taxpayers will receive half of the credit before year end. If the advance payments end up exceeding the amount of the credit due on the 2021 tax return, the excess amount must be repaid. The IRS will establish an online portal where you can opt out of advance payments or enter information that modifies the amount of your monthly payments if you are eligible.

Child & Dependent Care Tax Credit
The ARPA expands the child and dependent care tax credit substantially, albeit again temporarily. For 2021, taxpayers can claim a refundable 50 percent credit for up to $8,000 in care expenses for one child or dependent and up to $16,000 in expenses for two or more children or dependents. So, the credit, ultimately, is worth up to $4,000 or $8,000. It begins phasing out when household income levels exceed $125,000; for households with income over $400,000, the credit can be reduced below 20 percent.

For comparison, the 2020 expense limits were $3,000 and $6,000, and the credit topped out at 35 percent of the expenses. The phaseout began when household income exceeded $15,000, though the credit is no less than 20 percent of the allowable expenses regardless of household income.

The ARPA also increases the limit on tax-free employer-provided dependent care assistance for 2021 to $10,500 (50 percent for married couples filing separately). That is more than double the current limit of $5,000.

Student Loan Forgiveness
The ARPA does not forgive student loan debt, but it anticipates a possible development may occur in the near future. For now, it ensures the tax-free treatment of student loan debt forgiven between December 31, 2020 and January 1, 2026. Forgiven debt typically is treated as taxable income.

Health Care Insurance
Health insurance will become more affordable for some insured individuals in 2021 and 2022 because of two provisions in the ARPA. The provisions relate to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and continuation coverage that may be available under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, better known as COBRA.

The law increases both the availability and the amount of ACA subsidies, retroactive to January 1, 2021. It extends cost-sharing support to anyone who receives, or was approved to receive, unemployment benefits in 2021. It also limits the amount that anyone who obtains insurance through the federal or state marketplaces must pay for premiums to 8.5 percent of their modified adjusted gross income — regardless of their income.

In addition, the ARPA provides a 100 percent premium subsidy for qualified beneficiaries who are 1) currently enrolled in COBRA or 2) either eligible but did not enroll previously or enrolled but dropped out. The subsidy is available only to employees who lost group coverage because they were involuntarily terminated or their hours were reduced. It covers the period of April 2021 through September 2021.

Housing Relief
Like the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act and the Consolidated Appropriations Act (CAA) before it, the ARPA includes assistance for those struggling to keep their homes due to the pandemic. For example, it provides rental assistance that eligible families can use for past-due rent, future rent, and utility and energy bills.

The law also provides additional funding to the Homeowner Assistance Fund. The fund is intended to prevent mortgage delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures, the loss of utility or home energy services, and the displacement of homeowners experiencing financial hardship after January 21, 2020.

Business-Related Provisions
The ARPA contains numerous provisions affecting businesses, too. For example, it provides an additional $7.25 billion in funding for the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). However, the new law did not extend the current March 31 deadline for PPP loans to be approved but Congress is discussing another bill to extend it.

The ARPA also provides another $15 billion for Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) Advance Grants. Small businesses in low-income communities are eligible for EIDL grants of up to $10,000; $5 billion is reserved for $5,000 grants to businesses that experienced a revenue loss of more than 50 percent and have no more than 10 employees.

The law also includes targeted relief for some of the industries hit hardest by the COVID-19 pandemic. It establishes a $28.6 billion fund for businesses that primarily serve food or drinks, with $5 billion earmarked for restaurants with 2019 gross receipts under $500,000. In addition, the ARPA directs an additional $1.25 billion to the ‘shuttered venue operators’ grant program that was created by the CAA and expands eligibility to include operators that received a PPP loan after December 27, 2020. These operators include live performing arts organizations and movie theaters.

Additional Guidance to Come
The ARPA is a sweeping piece of legislation with substantial implementation guidance on certain provisions sure to come from regulators. We will keep you apprised of the developments most likely to affect you, your family, and your business.